Please make your selection from the above CODEX menu options for Episode 9.2

Tiberius errat

Salvius et rēx

The relative pronoun

Operative, a relative clause gives more information about a noun. A relative pronoun begins the clause. In English, the relative pronouns are who, which, and that. In Latin, the relative pronoun is quī, quae, quod.

The key-text Salvius et rēx opens with one:

• Salvius ad Togidubnum vēnit, quī prope Noviomagum in vīllā ingentī habitābat. ("Salvius came to Togidubnus, who lived in a huge villa near Noviomagus.")

The noun that a relative pronoun points back to is its antecedent. Here the antecedent of quī is Togidubnum.

How the relative pronoun agrees

The relative pronoun takes its gender and number from its antecedent. Togidubnum is masculine and singular, so the pronoun is masculine and singular too.

The relative pronoun takes its case from its own job inside its own clause. In the key-text Tiberius errat, Tiberius virum invēnit quī Sextō amīcus erat (found a man who was a friend to Sextus). virum is accusative, because it is the object of invēnit. quī is nominative, because it is the subject of erat. In Salvius hortōs vīdit, in quibus multī flōrēs erant (Salvius saw gardens in which there were many flowers), quibus is ablative, because it follows in.

The forms of quī, quae, quod

Here are the forms in the four cases you know.

There is one warning about the relative pronoun. It agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but not in case. Its ending often looks nothing like its antecedent's ending, as virum and quī show. To find the antecedent, look for a noun just before the clause with the same gender and number as the pronoun.

(The relative pronoun also has genitive forms: cuius, quōrum, quārum. You will learn them with the genitive case in Mission 11.)

A page from the Odyssey

Operative, the Odyssey is a Greek poem by Homer. It tells the story of Odysseus, a Greek hero, and his long journey home after the Trojan War.

In book 14 of the poem, Odysseus finally reaches his island home, but he is in disguise. He stays in the hut of his old swineherd, Eumaeus. Eumaeus does not know who he is. To hide his identity, Odysseus tells Eumaeus a false story about his life. In that story, he sails to Egypt and lands at the river Nile.

Mission Control has recovered this part of book 14. Someone has written notes in Latin in the margins of the page.

Kings who ruled for Rome

Rome did not always rule a new land directly. Sometimes Rome let a local king keep his throne, as long as he stayed loyal. A king like this is called a client king.

A client king ruled his own people and kept the peace. When Rome asked for help, he gave it. In return, Rome protected him and let him keep his power and his wealth. This arrangement helped Rome too. A client king saved Rome the soldiers and officials it would need to rule the land itself, and his people already obeyed him.

Togidubnus was a client king in Britannia. In 43 CE the emperor Claudius invaded Britain, and Togidubnus helped the Romans instead of fighting them. Rome made him king over his people. Rome also gave him Roman citizenship and a Roman name, Tiberius Claudius Togidubnus.

A client king's power usually lasted only as long as his life. When a client king died, Rome often made his kingdom part of the province. In the key-text Salvius et rēx, Salvius visits Togidubnus and asks him who will rule his people after him.

Salvius is a Roman official in Britannia, and Togidubnus is an old king. Why would a man like Salvius care about what happens when Togidubnus dies?

9.2a

Directions: In each of the following, choose the correct form of the relative pronoun to complete the sentence.

1) sacerdōs, ________ prope effigiem stābat, victimam ēlēgit.
The priest, who was standing near the statue, chose a victim.

a. quī b. quae   c. quem    d. quod

2) vīnum, _________ iuvenis portābat, erat optimum.
The wine, which the young man was carrying, was excellent.

a. quī b. quae c. quem d. quod

3) domina, __________ prope Londīnium habitāre vult, est trīstis.
The mistress, who wants to live near London, is sad.

a. quī b. quae c. quam d. quem

4) princeps īrātus, ________ in silvā vīdimus, erat Calgacis.
The angry chief, whom we saw in the woods, was Calgacis.

a. quī b. quae c. quem d. quod

5) puella, _____ ego amō, est pulchra.
The girl, whom I love, is beautiful.

a. quae b. quī c. quem d. quam

6) plaustrum, _______ rotam fractam habēbat, agricolās impediēbat.
The wagon, which had a broken wheel, was hindering the farmers.

a. quī b. quae c. quem d. quod

7) Salvius, ________ servī timent, est dominus fērox!
Salvius, whom the slaves fear, is a ferocious master!

a. quī b. quae c. quem d. quod

9.2b
Directions: In the key text for 9.2, find five relative pronouns. Give their case and explain why they are in that form (e.g. subject of the rel. clause).  Then give their antecedent, gender and number.

CULTURALIA Comprehension Questions
Directions: Using the CULTURALIA section of your CODEX as a guide, answer the following questions:

1. In what year was the conquest of Britain begun?  Who was the emperor at the time?
2. Name the queen who led a revolt against the Romans.
3. During what years was Agricola governor of Britain?
4. What tribe did Cogidubnus rule?
5. Where is his palace believed to have been?
6. Why are his praenōmen and nōmen "Tiberius Claudius"?

KEY-TEXT Comprehension Questions
Directions: Answer the following questions based on the key text for 9.2

1. What did Tiberius do after Pompeii was destroyed?
2. Why was it not safe for Tiberius in Campania?
3. What did Tiberius know now that he had not known before?
4. To where did he go and how did he get there?
5. Why did Tiberius still find danger in this new place?
6. What did Tiberius seek there?
7. What advice did Sextus' friend give him?
8. What do you expect will happen next in the story? Explain your answer based on what you have read.