Operatives, take a look at the following examples:
sī Recentiī cucurrerint , eōs comprehedēmus.
If the Recentii will have run, then we will capture them,
Or, in more refined English:
If the Recentii run, we will capture them.
sī dīligenter laborāverō , multum pecūniae adipiscar.
If I work hard, I will gain much money.
sī ad forum īerit , togās emet.
If he goes to the forum, he will buy togas.
The verbs in the first clauses of each sentence are future perfect active indicative. The future perfect tense indicates an action which takes place in the future before another action in the future. For example, in the last sentence, going to the forum takes place in the future, but before buying togas. The future perfect in Latin is used most commonly in conditional statements, which we will cover later.
Look at the formula for the future perfect active indicative:
perfect stem + future forms of "to be" except in the 3rd person plural where erint, rather than erunt is used.
Here is an example:
| Person | Latin | English | Latin | English |
| 1st person | amāverō | I will have loved | amāverimus | We will have loved |
| 2nd person | amāveris | You will have loved |
amāveritis | You all will have loved |
| 3rd person | amāverit | He/She will have loved |
amāverint | They will have loved |
A literal translation of the future perfect like "you will have loved," is very uncommon in English. It is far more common for English to use the present tense "you love," as in the examples in the sentences.
Also Operatives, it is important to note that there is no irregularity with the future perfect active indicative. There are no bizarre rules or exceptions. Conjugating this tense, like the perfect and the pluperfect, should be easy because there is no variation.
| angulus, angulī - m | angle, corner | noun |
| bucca, buccae - f | cheek | noun |
| coniūrātus, coniūrātī - m | conspirator | noun |
| doleō, dolēre, doluī, dolitus | to feel pain, grieve, suffer | verb |
| frangō, frangere, frēgī, frāctus | to break, to shatter, to crush | verb |
| frōns, frontis | forehead, brow | noun |
| inūtilis, inūtile | useless, unserviceable, unprofitable | adjective |
| occāsiō, occāsiōnis - f | opportunity, occasion | noun |
| praeter | except for, besides | adverb |
| prōspiciō, prōspicere, prōspēxī, prōspectus | to look forward, to look out, to see in advance, to be on watch for | verb |
| quālis, quāle | of such a kind, such as | adjective |
| quassō, quassāre, quassāvī, quassātus | to shake, toss | verb |
| scaena, scaenae - f | stage, scene, public display | noun |
| terminus, terminī | boundary, limit | noun |
| tyrannus, tyrannī - m | monarch, king, ruler, tyrant | noun |
| ūllus, ūlla, ūllum | any, some | adjective |
| vīs, vīs - f | strength, force, power | noun |
CULTURALIA Comprehension Questions
Directions: Using the CULTURALIA section of your CODEX as a guide, answer the following questions:
dē Lūcānō
1. When did Lucan live and what was his profession?
2. With whom was he good friends with? How did this help his career?
3. What controversial things did Lucan do towards the end of his life? How did he try to escape his fate?
4. What is the subject matter of Lucan's most famous surviving work?
dē Senecā
1. What is Seneca most well known for throughout his life?
2. How did his early education influence him later on in life?
3. After being recalled from exile, what role did Seneca have in Rome?
4. What were some of the claims about Seneca that the historian Cassius Dio made?
5. What happens to Seneca at the end of his life?
dē Stōicīs
1. Briefly summarize the core tennents of stoic philosophy.
2. Why do you think that stocisim, especially its teachings on social philosophy, were especially popular during the Empire?
3. Among the quotations listed in the article, which one do you think resonantes most with your Recentius? Why?
4. Which one do you think resonates most with yourself? Why?