Horace, Odes 1.1
Maecēnās atavīs ēdite rēgibus,
ō et praesidium et dulce decus meum,
sunt quōs curriculō pulverem Olympicum
collēgisse iuvat mētaque fervidīs
ēvītāta rotīs palmaque nōbilis 5
terrārum dominōs ēvehit ad deōs;
hunc, sī mōbilium turba Quiritium
certat tergeminīs tollere honōribus;
illum, sī propriō condidit horreō
quicquid de Libycis verritur āreis. 10
Operatives, you have seen in the past verbs in the passive voice. Remember that the passive voice indicates that the subject of the verb is receiving rather than doing the action of the verb. You have also seen the passive voice in both the present and the imperfect tense. Look at the following examples:
Recentiī ā Marcō agitantur.
The Recentii are being chased by Marcus.
Recentiī ā Marcō agitābantur.
The Recentii were being chased by Marcus.
Recentiī ā Marcō agitatī sunt.
The Recentiī have been chased by Marcus
The verbs in the first two sentences should look familiar. They are in the present and imperfect passives respectively. The verb in the third sentence is a little different. Instead of being just one word like agitantur, it is a combination of two words, agitatī, and sunt. All verbs in the perfect passive system, i.e, the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses, are created in this way. Specifically though, perfect passive indicatives are formed by using the perfect passive participle and then adding a form of the verb "to be" in the present active indicative. Here is the formula for forming verbs in the perfect passive indicative:
Formula: perfect passive participle + present indicative form of the verb "to be" (sum)
Here is a how a verb conjugates in the perfect passive indicative:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
| singular | plural | |||
| 1st person | amātus sum | I have been loved | amātī sumus | we have been loved |
| 2nd person | amātus es | you have been loved | amātī estis | you (all) have been loved |
| 3rd person | amātus est | he/she has been loved | amātī sunt | they have been loved |
Notice that the participle changes forms from the singular to the plural. Because participles act like adjectives, they must agree in number gender and case with the nouns they modify. In this case, the noun will always be nominative because it is the subject of the verb, but the ending will change based on the number and the gender of the subject. Look at the following examples:
Puer ā puellā amātus est.
The boy has been loved by the girl.
Puella ā puerō amāta est.
The girl has been loved by the boy.
Notice that in the first sentence the participle ends in -us, indicating that it is masculine and singular. This is normal because the subject of the verb, and thus the noun which the participle modifies is both singular and masculine. In the second sentence the participle ends in -a, indicating that the noun the participle modifies is feminine and singular. This is also completely normal because the subject of the verb is puella, a feminine and singular noun.
| absum, abesse, āfuī, - (āfutūrus) | to be absent, away from | verb |
| accidō, accidere, accidī | to happen, arrive | verb |
| adsum, adesse, adfuī, - (adfuturus) | to be present | verb |
| adveniō, advenīre, advēnī, adventus | to arrive at | verb |
| aedificium, aedificiī - n | building | noun |
| aliēnus, aliēna, aliēnum | foreign, strange | adjective |
| altus, alta, altum | high, tall, deep, wide | adjective |
| angustus, angusta, angustum | narrow | adjective |
| aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertus | to open | verb |
| apud | with, at, among, at the house of | preposition |
| attonitus, attonita, attonitum | surprised | adjective |
| audeō, audēre, -, ausus | to venture, dare, risk | verb |
| aula, aulae - f | palace, hall | noun |
| bibō, bibere, bibī | to drink | verb |
| casa, casae - f | house | noun |
| cassia, cassiae - f | cinnamon | noun |
| caverna, cavernae - f. | cave, cavern | noun |
| celeriter | quickly | adverb |
| cēlō, cēlāre, cēlāvī, cēlātus | to hide | verb |
| circum | around | preposition |
| cista, cistae - f | a chest | noun |
| collum, collī - n | neck | noun |
| cultus, cultūs - m. | civilization | noun |
| cūra, cūrae - f | a trouble, care | noun |
| dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētus | destroy, abolish | verb |
| discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessus | to depart | verb |
| diūtius | a longer time, longer | adverb |
| domus, domī - f | house | noun |
| ēdō, ēdere, ēdidī, ēditus | to produce, put out, put forth, proclaim | verb |
| ergō | therefore | adverb |
| exhibeō, exhibēre, exhibuī, exhibitus | to exhibit, present | verb |
| expandō, expandere, expandī, expansus | to spread out, expand | verb |
| extendō, extendere, extendī, extentus | to stretch out, extend, spread | verb |
| fluēns, fluentis | relaxed, flowing, fluent | adjective |
| fodiō, fodere, fōdī, fossus | to dig | verb |
| fortasse | perhaps | adverb |
| fovea, foveae - f | a pit | noun |
| gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus | to wear | verb |
| gravis, grave | heavy, serious | adjective |
| gustō, gustāre, gustāvī, gustātus | to taste | verb |
| hōra, hōrae - f | hour | noun |
| horridus, horrida, horridum | rough, shaggy, crude, wild | adjective |
| hostis, hostis, - m./f. | enemy | noun |
| īdem, eadem, idem | the same | pronoun |
| īgnārē | ignorantly, unknowingly | adverb |
| illīc | in that place, there | adverb |
| incantātrix, incantātricis - f | enchantress, witch | noun |
| indicium, indiciī - n | a clue, evidence, notice, sign, proof | noun |
| induō, induere, induī, indūtus | to put on, dress in, assume | verb |
| inhibeō, inhibēre, inhibuī, inhibītus | to hold in, hold back | verb |
| intellegō, intellgere, intellēxī, intellēctus | to understand | verb |
| inter | between | preposition |
| intersum, interesse, interfuī, interfutus | to lie between, to intervene | verb |
| intrā | inside, within | adverb |
| itaque | therefore | conjunction |
| iūxtā | very near, close to, near to | preposition (accusative) |
| lagōna, lagōnae - f | flask, flagon, bottle | noun |
| lautus, lauta, lautum | near, elegant, splendid | adjective |
| levis, leve | light | adjective |
| licet, licēre, licuit, licitus | it is permitted | verb |
| liquor, liquōris - m | fluid, liquid | noun |
| magis | more, in a higher degree | adverb |
| manus, manūs, f. | hand | noun |
| mātrōna, mātrōnae - f | a married woman, matron | noun |
| memeō, memēre, meminī | to remember, think of, be mindful of | verb |
| mergō, mergere, mersī, mersus | to dip, bury, immerse | verb |
| mētior, mētīrī, mēnsus sum | to measure, distribute, estimate, judge | verb |
| minor, minus | less | adjective (comparative) |
| mīrāculum, mīrāculī | a wonder, marvel, miracle | noun |
| mōmentum, mōmentī - n | a moment | noun |
| moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtus | to move | verb |
| mūrus, mūrī, m. | wall | noun |
| nē | so that not, in order not to (opposite of 'ut') | conjunction |
| negōtium, negōtiī - n | business | noun |
| nimis | too much | adverb |
| nox, noctis - f | night | noun |
| nunc | now | adverb |
| oculus, oculī - m | eye | noun |
| odor, odōris - m | smell, scent, odor | noun |
| ōstium, ōstiī - n | entrance | noun |
| paenitēo, paenitēre, paenituī | (cause) to regret, be sorry | verb |
| pannōsus, pannōsa, pannōsum | ragged, tattered | adjective |
| parvus, parva, parvum | small | adjective |
| pēior, pēius | worse | adjective |
| pessimus, pessima, pessimum | worst, most evil | adjective |
| pingō, pingere, pinxī, pictus | to paint, color | verb |
| plānus, plāna, plānum | even, flat, level, clear | adjective |
| porta, portae, f. | door | noun |
| possum, posse, potuī | to be able | verb |
| prīmum | at first, first | adverb |
| procul | at a distance | adverb |
| quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus | to search | verb |
| quaesō, quaesere | to beg, pray, say please | verb |
| quia | because (cf. quod) | conjunction |
| quisnam, quaenam, quidnam | who (emphatic) | pronoun |
| raucus, rauca, raucum | hoarse, faint | adjective |
| reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditus | to give back, return | verb |
| retrahō, retrahere, retrāxī, retrāctus | to draw back, withdraw, divert, bring back | verb |
| rota, rotae - f | wheel | noun |
| ruber, rubra, rubrum | red | adjective |
| sanguis, sanguinis - m. | blood | noun |
| satis | enough | adverb |
| sella, sellae - f | seat | noun |
| sēmita, sēmitae - f | a narrow way, lane, alley, foot-path | noun |
| serpēns, serpentis - m/f | snake | noun |
| servō, servāre, servāvī, servātus | to protect, guard | verb |
| sīcut | just like | adverb |
| similis, simile | like, similar to | adjective |
| simulō, simulāre, simulāvī, simulātus | to imitate, copy | verb |
| sine | without | preposition |
| sollicitō, sollicitāre, sollicitāvī, sollicitātus | to disturb, stir | verb |
| sollicitus, sollicita, sollicitum | agitated, disturbed, anxious, worried | adjective |
| sonus, sonī | sound, noise | noun |
| stupefaciō, stupefacere, stupefēcī, stupefactus | to make stupid, strike senseless, benumb, stun, stupefy | verb |
| surgō, surgere, surrēxī | to rise | verb |
| symbolum, symbolī - n. | a sign, symbol, mark | noun |
| temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus | try, attempt, prove | verb |
| terminus, terminī | boundary, limit | noun |
| timidus, timida, timidum | fearful | adjective |
| totiēs | so often, so many times, as often | adverb |
| trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus | to hand over, give up | verb |
| tunc | then | adverb |
| turba, turbae, f. | crowd | noun |
| turpis, turpe | ugly, repulsive, dishonorable, scandalous | adjective |
| umquam | at any time, ever | adverb |
| urbānus, urbāna, urbānum | urbane, witty, humurous, bold | adjective |
| ut | as, to, that | conjunction |
| vel | or | conjunction |
| velut | just as, like, for instance | adverb |
| vertō, vertere, vertī, versus | to turn | verb |
| vester, vestra, vestrum | your | pronoun |
| vetus, veteris | old, aged | adjective |
| vomō, vomere, vomuī, vomitus | to puke, throw out, vomit | verb |
That seems particularly important given that it looks like you'll be at the House of Maecenas in the second part of this episode. Brushing up on him, and who his known associates would have been, would be an excellent idea.
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