Carthāgō dēlenda est!

post bellum Pūnicum secundum, Carthāgō nōn poterat imperium suum antīquum in marī nostrō recuperāre. quīdam senātōrēs tamen volēbant in Carthāginem iterum bellum gerere. ūnus senātor potentissimus cupīvit certam gazam quam putāvit in Carthāgine esse. hic senātor erat Marcus Porcius Catō Māior. saepe hic vir Scīpiōnī Aemiliānō occurrit et saepe illī dīcēbant dē Carthāgine.

Catō dīcēbat, "Scipio, mī amīce, potes in Carthāginem impetum facere. potes clādem Scīpiōnis Asinae vindicāre. tū cupis glōriam et possum tē adiuvāre." cotīdiē in Senātū Catō Māior ōrātiōnēs fēcit. cotīdiē ille eadem verba dīxit; "Carthāgō dēlenda est!"

mōx Rōma in Carthāginem impetum fēcit et mīlitēs Rōmānī omnēs agrōs urbemque ussērunt. Carthāgō dēlēta est sed Catō illam gazam nōn invēnit. Lapis nōn adfuit.

Operatives, two commonly used words in English (this and that) are also very common in the Latin language. The word for this (plural these) is hīc, and the word for that (plural these) is ille.

Consider the following:

hic - this, these (pl)

hīc malus est Marucs.

This bad man is Marcus.

Marcus hunc malum salutat.

Marcus greets this bad man.

hae togae sunt sordidae.

These togas are dirty.

puer hās puellās salutāvērat.

The boy greeted these girls.

ille - that, those (pl)

ille malus erat Marcus.

That bad man was Marcus.

Marcus illum malum salutāvit.

Marcus greeted that bad man.

illae togae erant sordidae.

Those togas were dirty.

puer illās puellās salutat.

The boy greets those girls.

Remember that both hīc and ille will agree in case, number and gender with the word they describe.

A full chart is as follows:

hīc, haec, hoc - this, these

ille, illa, illud - that, those

Operatives, we’re trying to figure out the point of his questioning here. Hopefully you will have better luck at discovering what he is getting at with these questions.

Who defeated Carthage? What a strange question; clearly the Romans defeated Carthage. What is unclear is if he is talking about the Second or Third Punic War. That may influence your answer quite a bit. Operatives should decide who ultimately conquered Carthage and hope that they choose wisely.

On the issue of the novus homō, Operatives should familiarize themselves with this impotant topic. It was the only true path of social mobility in the Roman society. Based off that list of novī hominēs, it would be very difficult to decide who had the largest impact.

13.1.a

Directions: Using the GRAMMATICA 13.1 as a guide, complete each sentence with the correct for in parentheses and then translate.

1. (hīc, hoc) senator est potentissimus et clārus.
2. Marcus ad Aegyptum (illōs, illās) tīrōnēs mīsit.
3. Catō Māior (illud, illum) cōnsilium Scīpiōnī Aemiliānō dīxit.
4. (hī, hae) Recentiī sunt parātī.
5. (ille, illa, illud) imperātor cladem Scīpiōnis Asinae vindicāvit.
6. Rōmānī (illum, illam, illud) gazam in Carthāgine nōn invēnērunt.
7. (hī, hae, haec) pugiōnēs ē plaustrō ad terram cēciderant.

13.1.b

Directions: Refer back to the immersion in 13.1 to complete the following:

Find, copy, and answer any questions:

a. 5 parts of a Roman house

b. 4 second person plural verbs (What tense or tenses are they?)

c. 3 infinitives

d. 6 third person singular verbs. (What tense or tenses are they?)

e. 7 adjectives. (What's different about potentissimus?)