P. Cornelius Tacitus, Agricola 11

Tacitus turns from the island to its peoples and asks where the first Britons came from. He compares the Caledonians, the Silures of south Wales and the Britons nearest Gaul with the Germanic peoples, the Iberians of Spain and the Gauls, touches on the rites of the Druids, and sets the Britons conquered since the Roman invasion of 43 CE beside those still free.

 

Tier 1

quī hominēs prīmī in Britanniā habitābant? semperne in īnsulā erant, an ex aliīs terrīs trāns mare vēnērunt? hoc nōn bene scīmus, ut saepe apud barbarōs. sed corpora Britannōrum nōn eadem sunt, et ex corporibus aliquid intellegere possumus.

 

in Calēdoniā hominēs comās rutilās et magna membra habent. itaque putāmus: "hī hominēs ōlim ex Germāniā vēnērunt." Silūrēs autem vultūs fuscōs et comās plērumque tortās habent. et Hispānia trāns mare contrā eōs est. itaque putāmus: "hominēs ex Hispāniā ōlim mare trānsiērunt et in hīs locīs habitāre coepērunt."

 

aliī Britannī prope Galliam habitant. hī Gallīs similēs sunt. cūr similēs sunt? fortasse quia ex eādem gente sunt. fortasse quia caelum idem est: nam ibi Britannia et Gallia inter sē appropinquant, et idem caelum similia corpora facit.

 

sed nunc omnia simul spectāmus. ego putō: "Gallī hanc īnsulam vīcīnam ōlim occupāvērunt." nam Britannī et Gallī eadem sacra et eandem superstitiōnem habent. lingua quoque eōrum nōn multum dīversa est. ambō populī prīmō perīcula audācter quaerunt; deinde perīcula adsunt, et tum timent et fugiunt.

 

Britannī tamen ferōciōrēs sunt quam Gallī. cūr? quia Britannī longam pācem nōndum habuērunt, et pāx hominēs mollēs facit. nam Gallī quoque ōlim in bellō fortēs erant; ita audīvimus. sed posteā Gallī in ōtiō vīvēbant et pigrī fīēbant. virtūtem āmīsērunt, et lībertātem quoque āmīsērunt. Rōmānī quōsdam Britannōs ōlim vīcērunt, et hī Britannī nunc quoque pigrī sunt. cēterī Britannī etiam nunc ferōcēs sunt, sīcut Gallī ōlim erant.

Latin text: Cynthia Damon (ed.), Tacitus: Agricola, Dickinson College Commentaries, 2016, CC BY-SA 3.0. Tiers 1, 2 and 3 are adapted from it and shared under the same license.

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